LED Flower: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
Marvin (Diskussion | Beiträge) (→BOM) |
Marvin (Diskussion | Beiträge) (We have been covered again, but there are no more kits.) |
||
(182 dazwischenliegende Versionen von 8 Benutzern werden nicht angezeigt) | |||
Zeile 1: | Zeile 1: | ||
== | [[Category:Projekte]][[Category:Bausaetze]][[Category:en]] | ||
=== | |||
[[Datei:lf-0500-01.jpeg|thumb]] | |||
[[Datei:Protoflower-01.jpeg|thumb]] | |||
LED Flowers are a set of PWM-controlled RGB LEDs which get their settings via USB using [http://www.obdev.at/products/vusb/index.html obdev.at's USB stack]. Everything needed for this workshop is under a free license, so feel free to copy and modify. | |||
To get started, you first need all the parts and a PCB. You can manufacture your PCB from the board data in the git repository (see [[LED Flower#Sources|Sources]]). The parts are listed in the [[LED Flower#BOM|Bill of Materials]] section including an order number from two german component sellers. Once you have obtained everything, go ahead and read the [[#Tutorial|Tutorial]]. Also you may want to get inspired by all the other LED Flowers that have been created: [[LED Flowers]]. | |||
==Sources== | |||
Sources are available here: | |||
http://www.0x53a.de/files/led-flower.tar.gz | |||
==Circuit Diagram== | |||
[[Datei:White-010-led-flower-uc.png|800px]] | |||
[[Datei:White-021-led-flower-driver-1.png|800px]] | |||
[[Datei:White-030-led-flower-power.png|800px]] | |||
==PCB== | |||
<gallery widths=300px heights=300px perrow=2> | |||
Datei:LED Flower PCB II.png|PCB model | |||
Datei:LED Flower PCB.png|Generated PCB preview | |||
Datei:Lf-board-01.jpeg|First PCB etched | |||
Datei:Lf-board-02.jpeg|First revision: fully tinned | |||
Datei:Lf-board-03.jpeg|Second revision: blue PCB, tinned pads | |||
Datei:Lf-board-04.jpeg|Third revision: black PCB, tinned pads | |||
</gallery> | |||
====BOM==== | |||
Necessary | |||
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
! Designator | ! Designator | ||
Zeile 73: | Zeile 101: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| C4, C5 | | C4, C5 | ||
| 22 pF | | 22 pF, 0603 | ||
| R: NPO-G0603 22P | | R: NPO-G0603 22P | ||
| 0.05 | | 0.05 | ||
Zeile 146: | Zeile 174: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Version 1: USB Powered | |||
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
! Designator | ! Designator | ||
Zeile 173: | Zeile 201: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Version 2: Externally powered | |||
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
! Designator | ! Designator | ||
Zeile 193: | Zeile 221: | ||
| R: X5R-G0805 10/16 | | R: X5R-G0805 10/16 | ||
| 0.07 | | 0.07 | ||
| | | 2 | ||
| 0. | | 0.14 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| D1 | | D1 | ||
Zeile 211: | Zeile 239: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5"| Sum | | colspan="5"| Sum | ||
| 1. | | 1.13 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Option: Button | |||
{| border="1" | |||
! Designator | |||
! Value | |||
! Part-No | |||
! Price / EUR | |||
! Count | |||
! Sum / EUR | |||
|- | |||
| R41 | |||
| 3.6 kΩ, 1206 | |||
| R: | |||
| 0.01 | |||
| 1 | |||
| 0.01 | |||
|- | |||
| BTN | |||
| Pushbutton | |||
| ? | |||
| 0.10 | |||
| 1 | |||
| 0.10 | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5"| Sum | |||
| 0.11 | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Tutorial== | |||
===Preface=== | |||
This Tutorial consists of three parts. The first two parts do not necessarily have to be completed in the given order. Also, two people may work simultaneously, each on one part. | |||
If you don't want so modify the project to look like something else (which of course would be perfectly okay) make sure that you execute every step exactly as described. Compare your result with the provided pictures. If you are unsure what to do contact [[Benutzer:Marvin|Marvin]] prior to soldering. Also, the tutorial often uses designators like R4, C1 or U2. Those can be found on the PCB images at the top of this page, the [[#BOM|Bill of Materials]] and the schematic. | |||
If you encounter any problems with your device, you may also ask [[Benutzer:Marvin|Marvin]] for support, but only if you include a correctly focused photograph of the bottom of your PCB that has an adequate resolution and an exact description of your problem. | |||
===Prerequisites=== | |||
I highly recommend checking out the git repository with the current sources for the firmware and control programs. If you are building this in a workshop, you probably won't need it as your tutor may provide the initial firmware. However, the control programs are the one thing that make this project interesting. See [[LED Flower#Sources]]. | |||
Clean the board with aceton before soldering. | |||
===Part I: The PCB=== | |||
====Microcontroller==== | |||
The first step in soldering this board is also the most difficult: Soldering the microcontroller. We are going to use the drag soldering technique. To do so, we first place the microcontroller on the board to get an idea of how it should be placed afterwards. Notice the pin one mark which is a small dip in one corner of the IC. This is used to orient it correctly: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Before proceeding, please read the entire section about soldering the microcontroller and make sure you understood everything. Now remove the microcontroller again, select one pad of the PCB and tin it. For this and the next two steps, you don't have to worry about any solder bridges, we will remove them afterwards. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-03.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-04.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Now grab the microcontroller with a pair of tweezers, heat up the tinned pad and place the microcontroller correctly. Do not overheat the microcontroller: If you are not able to position the microcontroller within about 10 seconds remove the soldering iron and try again after waiting a short amount of time. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-10.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-11.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-12.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
To further secure it, also solder one pin on the opposite corner. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-20.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-21.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Now select one edge of the microcontroller that has not been used in the previous steps and add some Flux to pins. What comes now is not easy and probably may require multiple attempts: Solder some pins one on side of the edge at once and then just slide the soldering iron slowly and without any pressure to the other side: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-30.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-31.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-32.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
If you have done everything right (right speed, correct amount of solder and flux) all pins will be soldered to the board and there will be no bridges between them: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-33.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
If you have created any bridges, there are two ways to get rid of them: | |||
* Add some flux (only if necessary) and drag the solder away from the microcontroller. You see in some of the pictures that I used this method here as there is solder relatively far away from the microcontroller. | |||
* Use a desoldering gun or wig. | |||
However, repeat this process for the three other edges that are not yet soldered completely: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0010-40.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Decoupling Capacitors==== | |||
To operate, the microcontroller needs a set of decoupling capacitors. These are two-padded components, so we will essentially replicate the first steps of the microcontroller soldering process: | |||
* Tin one pad, | |||
* add the component and | |||
* solder the other side. | |||
The first one is C9, a 100 nF capacitor in a 1206 package, the biggest of the capacitors included in this kit: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0020-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0020-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0020-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0020-03.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0020-04.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0020-05.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0020-06.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0020-07.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Now continue with C1 using the same process. C1 is also a 100 nF capacitor, but in a 0603 package. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0030-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0030-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0030-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0030-03.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
And now C2 and C3, both the same capacitor as C1. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0040-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0040-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Crystal Oscillator==== | |||
Next step is the crystal oscillator. To prepare for that, we will first solder the capacitors C4 and C5 which are both 22 pf 0603 capacitors. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0050-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0050-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
The crystal oscillator then goes directly on the other side of the PCB below those two capacitors. Just put it in and solder both pins. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0060-00.jpeg|Position of the Crystal | |||
Datei:Lf-0060-01.jpeg|From the bottom | |||
Datei:Lf-0060-02.jpeg|Solder both pins | |||
</gallery> | |||
Then clip off anything that is above the solder joint. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0060-03.jpeg|Clip off the excess wire | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Programming and Analog Input Headers==== | |||
Now we add two headers, one for programming the microcontroller, one for the analog input of the microcontroller. Again, the headers are on the back side of the PCB. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0070-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0070-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Now simply solder each pin to the PCB: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0070-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0070-03.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====First Test==== | |||
Get a lab power supply and set the maximum voltage to 5 V and the maximum current to zero. Connect the positive terminal (red) and negative terminal (black) as shown in the picture below: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0080-00.jpeg|The positive terminal goes to the leftmost pin of the shorter connector, the negative terminal to the middle one of the remaining three pins. | |||
</gallery> | |||
Slowly increase the current. The current should not exceed 20 mA. | |||
If you have reached 20 mA, but the voltage is still below the previously set voltage limit, something is wrong. Do not further increase the current limit as this could damage the device. Check if every component is soldered and oriented correctly, check if there are any solder bridges. | |||
If everything is okay, connect the in-system programmer. From left to right it's: MOSI, MISO, SCK, Vcc, GND, /RESET | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0080-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Programming the Microcontroller==== | |||
Go into the source folder, adapt the programmer.mk to use your programmer and execute make fuses: | |||
source$ make fuses | |||
avrdude -c avrispmkII -P usb -B 100 -p m88 -U lfuse:w:0xff:m -U hfuse:w:0xdf:m -U efuse:w:0xf9:m | |||
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions | |||
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.02s | |||
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e930a | |||
avrdude: reading input file "0xff" | |||
avrdude: writing lfuse (1 bytes): | |||
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.01s | |||
avrdude: 1 bytes of lfuse written | |||
avrdude: verifying lfuse memory against 0xff: | |||
avrdude: load data lfuse data from input file 0xff: | |||
avrdude: input file 0xff contains 1 bytes | |||
avrdude: reading on-chip lfuse data: | |||
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s | |||
avrdude: verifying ... | |||
avrdude: 1 bytes of lfuse verified | |||
avrdude: reading input file "0xdf" | |||
avrdude: writing hfuse (1 bytes): | |||
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s | |||
avrdude: 1 bytes of hfuse written | |||
avrdude: verifying hfuse memory against 0xdf: | |||
avrdude: load data hfuse data from input file 0xdf: | |||
avrdude: input file 0xdf contains 1 bytes | |||
avrdude: reading on-chip hfuse data: | |||
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s | |||
avrdude: verifying ... | |||
avrdude: 1 bytes of hfuse verified | |||
avrdude: reading input file "0xf9" | |||
avrdude: writing efuse (1 bytes): | |||
Writing | | 0% 0.00s ***failed; | |||
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.05s | |||
avrdude: 1 bytes of efuse written | |||
avrdude: verifying efuse memory against 0xf9: | |||
avrdude: load data efuse data from input file 0xf9: | |||
avrdude: input file 0xf9 contains 1 bytes | |||
avrdude: reading on-chip efuse data: | |||
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s | |||
avrdude: verifying ... | |||
avrdude: verification error, first mismatch at byte 0x0000 | |||
0xf9 != 0x01 | |||
avrdude: verification error; content mismatch | |||
avrdude: safemode: efuse changed! Was f9, and is now 1 | |||
Would you like this fuse to be changed back? [y/n] n | |||
avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK | |||
avrdude done. Thank you. | |||
make: *** [fuses] Error 1 | |||
If you are asked if you want to change back the efuse as it has not been written correctly, just say 'n'. In fact the fuse has probably been written correctly, the upper bits are just not writable and always remain 1. | |||
To program the microcontroller and check if the oscillator is working, just execute make: | |||
source$ make | |||
Building objects build/base.o build/usb.o build/leds.o build/usbdrv/usbdrv.o build/usbdrv/oddebug.o build/usbdrv/usbdrvasm.o -> build/out.elf -> build/out.hex | |||
make build/out.hex | |||
make[1]: Entering directory `source' | |||
avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/base.c -o build/base.o | |||
avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/usb.c -o build/usb.o | |||
avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/leds.c -o build/leds.o | |||
avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c -o build/usbdrv/usbdrv.o | |||
src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c:115: warning: overflow in implicit constant conversion | |||
src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c:154: warning: overflow in implicit constant conversion | |||
src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c:156: warning: overflow in implicit constant conversion | |||
src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c: In function ‘usbHandleResetHook’: | |||
src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c:550: warning: unused parameter ‘notResetState’ | |||
avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/usbdrv/oddebug.c -o build/usbdrv/oddebug.o | |||
avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/usbdrv/usbdrvasm.S -o build/usbdrv/usbdrvasm.o | |||
avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax build/base.o build/usb.o build/leds.o build/usbdrv/usbdrv.o build/usbdrv/oddebug.o build/usbdrv/usbdrvasm.o -o build/out.elf | |||
avr-size build/out.elf | |||
text data bss dec hex filename | |||
1862 2 65 1929 789 build/out.elf | |||
avr-objcopy -R .eeprom -O ihex -v build/out.elf build/out.hex | |||
copy from `build/out.elf' [elf32-avr] to `build/out.hex' [ihex] | |||
make[1]: Leaving directory `source' | |||
make flash | |||
make[1]: Entering directory `source' | |||
avrdude -c avrispmkII -P usb -B 1 -p m88 -U flash:w:build/out.hex:i | |||
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions | |||
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s | |||
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e930a | |||
avrdude: NOTE: FLASH memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed | |||
To disable this feature, specify the -D option. | |||
avrdude: erasing chip | |||
avrdude: reading input file "build/out.hex" | |||
avrdude: writing flash (1864 bytes): | |||
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.20s | |||
avrdude: 1864 bytes of flash written | |||
avrdude: verifying flash memory against build/out.hex: | |||
avrdude: load data flash data from input file build/out.hex: | |||
avrdude: input file build/out.hex contains 1864 bytes | |||
avrdude: reading on-chip flash data: | |||
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.10s | |||
avrdude: verifying ... | |||
avrdude: 1864 bytes of flash verified | |||
avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK | |||
avrdude done. Thank you. | |||
make[1]: Leaving directory `source' | |||
====USB Port==== | |||
Solder R3, R4 (both 68 Ω), R2 (2.7 kΩ), D2, D3 (both 3.6 V Zener Diodes) and the USB connector as shown below. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0090-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0090-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0090-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0090-03.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0090-04.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0090-05.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0090-06.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Testing the USB Port==== | |||
Let's test the USB port. However, note that this port does not follow the USB specifications and could damage your computer. There are at least two ways to prevent this: | |||
* First connect the device to a hub that is not connected to the Host and see what happens. Then connect your Host to the Hub. | |||
* Even better would be to add a USB isolator as the one used below. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0100-00.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
After connecting the Device to your Host, you should get a notification about a new USB device: | |||
trottel kernel: [76212.960126] usb 1-4.3.2: new low speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 59 | |||
When you see this line, the tricky part of this Workshop is done. | |||
====Finishing the PCB's Core==== | |||
Just to improve some electromagnetic emissions, add bridges (or 0 Ohm Resistors) B1, B2 and B3. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0110-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Base & Reset Resistors==== | |||
Now we are going to add the /Reset pull-up resistor R1 and base resistors R8 to R19 and R38 to R40 with 3.6 kΩ resistors | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0120-00.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Transistors==== | |||
Now we are adding the transistors T1 to T18 (BC807). | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0130-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0130-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0130-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0130-03.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0130-04.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====LED Resistors==== | |||
Next are the resistors that limit the current flow through the LEDs. If you are using the parts supplied at the 27C3 Peace Mission in Göttingen, you can just use the values given here. If you are using other LEDs, please calculate your own Values. First are the 150 Ω resistors R32 to R37 for the red LEDs. Then the 100 Ω resistors R26 to R31 for the green and R20 to R25 for the blue LEDs are following: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0140-00.jpeg|The red resistors... | |||
Datei:Lf-0150-00.jpeg|...and red, green and blue. | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Optional: USB Power Supply==== | |||
One way to supply the device is to use USB power. However, you should note that if you choose this option, you are not able to plug in the external power supply while the device is connected to USB. Also, the device may not conform to the USB specification in terms of power limitations. | |||
To activate the USB power supply, just solder the 10 uH coil to L1 and a 10 uF capacitor to C6: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0160-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0190-00.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
====Optional: Voltage Regulator for external Supply==== | |||
Instead of using the USB power supply, you can also add an external supply, for example a 9V battery. '''Do not use USB power supply and the external voltage regulator simultaneously!''' | |||
To use this supply, add a two pin connector as shown below: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0170-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0170-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Then add a 1N400x diode to D1, an LM1117 (AMS1117, &c.) to U2 and 10 uF, 10V capacitors to C7 and C8: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0170-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0170-03.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0170-04.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Test the voltage regulator by setting your lab power supply to 7.5 V and 0 A. Connect the supply to the two pins you just added and slowly increase the current limit. You should see a current of about 20 to 30 mA when the voltage limit is reached. If this is not the case, you probably did something wrong. | |||
====Optional: Button==== | |||
Add the button BTN and resistor R41 (3.6 kΩ) | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:Lf-0180-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0180-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:Lf-0180-02.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Part II: The LEDs=== | |||
For this part you will need 6 RGB LEDs, about 20 centimeters of heat shrink and enameled copper wire with a diameter of 0.6 to 1.0 mm (more may work too, less may not be stable enough). | |||
<gallery widths=600px heights=300px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0300-00.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Cut 4 pieces of wire off the spool, each about 30 to 40 cm in length. | |||
<gallery widths=600px heights=300px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0300-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Use enamel removal tweezers to get 5 mm of clean copper on one end of each wire. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0300-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0300-03.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0300-04.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Get one LED and bend the leads outwards to about 20 to 30 degrees. This does not have to be exact as we will bend them back once we are finished. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0310-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0310-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0310-02.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Mount the LED in one finger of a third hand and pre-tin its leads. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0320-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0320-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0320-02.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Now, also tin all four wires at the end where you removed the enamel. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0320-03.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
You can now solder the copper wires to the LED lead without adding new solder. Try to solder the wires as near to the LED case as possible. '''Beware: The copper wire may heat up faster than you think.''' | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0330-00.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
After soldering all four wires, you can turn the LED around and clip off any extra lead. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0330-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0330-02.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
To prevent any short circuits, cut the heat shrink into sizes that are long enough to cover the remaining LED lead and put those pieces on the leads. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0340-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0340-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
There are many ways to shrink a heat shrink. The probably most simplistic one is to use a lighter. However, do not put the heat shrink into the flame, about 5 to 10 centimeters above the flame are enough. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0340-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0340-03.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Now switch to the other end of the copper wires. Place them in a drill chuck. Make sure that the length of all wires from the chuck opening to the LED is equal. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0350-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0350-02.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Firmly grab the other side of the wires and slowly start the drill. You should get something like in the images below. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0350-03.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0350-04.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0350-05.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Release the drill chuck and cut all wires to equal size. Then remove about 5 mm of enamel. Though this is not necessary it may be a good idea to tin the end of the wires. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0360-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0360-02.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
It's time to test our construction. Get a lab power supply, set the voltage limit to about 3.2 V and the current limit to 10 to 20 mA. Then probe different combinations on the of the wires to find out what lead is connected to ground, positive red, positive green or positive blue: | |||
<gallery widths=600px heights=150px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0370-00.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
To adapt the wires to the PCB, they should be bent so they are in the following order: ground, positive red, positive green and positive blue. | |||
<gallery widths=600px heights=150px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0370-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Part III: Putting them together=== | |||
Now we put the result of part I and part II together. | |||
<gallery widths=600px heights=250px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0400-00.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
To do so, we first make sure that the legs are still in the correct order: Ground, Red +, Green +, Blue +. Do this as described in part II: | |||
<gallery widths=600px heights=100px perrow=1> | |||
Datei:lf-0410-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0410-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Somehow mark the ground pin, for example by bending it outwards: | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0410-02.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0410-03.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Put the LED into the PCB. The Ground pin is the one that is clockwise the last (from the component side of the PCB, the side with the microcontroller) or the first (from the top side of the PCB, the side with the USB and programming connector). | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0420-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0420-01.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0420-02.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Just solder it. Make sure that the solder joints are good as those will have to withstand any force applied to the LED. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0420-03.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0420-04.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Now just test the LED and repeat these steps for the next five LEDs. | |||
<gallery widths=200px heights=380px perrow=3> | |||
Datei:lf-0430-00.jpeg | |||
Datei:lf-0430-01.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
===What now?=== | |||
Well, everything necessary is done! Now: | |||
* Decorate, paint and glue until this really looks like a flower or whatever you want to have. | |||
* Check out control programs from the official git sources to this project (see [[#Sources|Sources]]). | |||
* Feel free to contribute any new ideas and send a photo of your flower to [mailto:fl@deaggi.net fl@deaggi.net] or simply add it yourself to [[LED Flowers]]. | |||
==Known Issues== | |||
This project ist far from perfect: | |||
* We do not yet implement correct LED fading. For correct human perception of the different brightness levels we would have to implement a logarithmic scale. There are some trials to do so using a 16-bit PWM instead of 8 bits in the git history, however, they all brought up different more severe issues. | |||
* Sometimes some PWM actions are deferred due to the time-critical in-software USB operation. This leads to perceivable flickering of the LEDs when they are at a low brightness level. This also complicates the issue above as this makes it a bit harder to implement a correction on the host side. | |||
However, both issues can be ignored, as long as you do not need calibrated colors and on every RGB LED there is one LED that is at brightness level 15 or higher. | |||
<gallery widths=300px heights=200px perrow=3 > | |||
Datei:AlexN900 01 20111221 009.jpg | |||
Datei:AlexN900 01 20111221 013.jpg | |||
</gallery> |
Aktuelle Version vom 2. Dezember 2012, 10:02 Uhr
![](/data/images/thumb/3/3f/Lf-0500-01.jpeg/300px-Lf-0500-01.jpeg)
![](/data/images/thumb/1/12/Protoflower-01.jpeg/300px-Protoflower-01.jpeg)
LED Flowers are a set of PWM-controlled RGB LEDs which get their settings via USB using obdev.at's USB stack. Everything needed for this workshop is under a free license, so feel free to copy and modify.
To get started, you first need all the parts and a PCB. You can manufacture your PCB from the board data in the git repository (see Sources). The parts are listed in the Bill of Materials section including an order number from two german component sellers. Once you have obtained everything, go ahead and read the Tutorial. Also you may want to get inspired by all the other LED Flowers that have been created: LED Flowers.
Sources
Sources are available here:
http://www.0x53a.de/files/led-flower.tar.gz
Circuit Diagram
PCB
-
PCB model
-
Generated PCB preview
-
First PCB etched
-
First revision: fully tinned
-
Second revision: blue PCB, tinned pads
-
Third revision: black PCB, tinned pads
BOM
Necessary
Designator | Value | Part-No | Price / EUR | Count | Sum / EUR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 3.6 kΩ, 1206 | R: | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 |
R2 | 2.7 kΩ, 1206 | R: | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 |
R3, R4 | 68 Ω, 1%, 1206 | CSD: 10-120068 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.02 |
R5..R19, R38..R40 | 3.6 kΩ, 1206 | R: | 0.01 | 18 | 0.18 |
R20..R31 | 100 Ω, 1206 | R: | 0.01 | 12 | 0.12 |
R32..R37 | 150 Ω, 1206 | R: | 0.01 | 6 | 0.06 |
B1..B3 | 0 Ω, 1206 | R: | 0.01 | 3 | 0.03 |
T1..T18 | BC807-25, SOT23 | R: BC 807-25 SMD | 0.04 | 18 | 0.72 |
C1, C2, C3 | 100 nF, 16 V, 0603 | R: X7R-G0603 100N | 0.05 | 3 | 0.15 |
C4, C5 | 22 pF, 0603 | R: NPO-G0603 22P | 0.05 | 2 | 0.10 |
C6 | 10 uF, 10 V, 0805 | R: X5R-G0805 10/16 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.07 |
C9 | 100 nF, 63 V, 1206 | R: X7R-G1206 100N | 0.05 | 1 | 0.05 |
D2, D3 | 3.6 V Zener Diode, MiniMELF | R: SMD ZF 3,6 | 0.05 | 2 | 0.10 |
X1 | 20 MHz | R: 20,0000-HC49U-S | 0.18 | 1 | 0.18 |
ISP, ADC, PWR | 12-pin break-away connector (from a 36-pin strip) | R: SL 1X36W 2,54 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.27 |
CONN_USB | USB B connector | R: USB BW | 0.21 | 1 | 0.21 |
U1 | ATmega88-20AU | R: ATMEGA 88-20 AU | 2.95 | 1 | 2.95 |
LED1..LED6 | RGB LED | ? | 0.30 | 6 | 1.80 |
24 Copper wires | 40 cm copper wire cutoff | R: CUL 500/0,63 | 13.90 | 0.058 | 0.81 |
Sum | 7.84 |
Version 1: USB Powered
Designator | Value | Part-No | Price / EUR | Count | Sum / EUR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 10 uH, 450 mA, 1210 | CSD: 146-121R010 | 0.22 | 1 | 0.22 |
U2, C7, C8 | Do not populate | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Sum | 0.22 |
Version 2: Externally powered
Designator | Value | Part-No | Price / EUR | Count | Sum / EUR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
U2 | LM1117-5.0 | CSD: LM1117DT-5,0V | 0.95 | 1 | 0.95 |
C7, C8 | 10 uF, 10 V, 0805 | R: X5R-G0805 10/16 | 0.07 | 2 | 0.14 |
D1 | 1N4001, MELF | R: X7R-G1206 100N | 0.04 | 1 | 0.04 |
L1 | Do not populate | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Sum | 1.13 |
Option: Button
Designator | Value | Part-No | Price / EUR | Count | Sum / EUR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R41 | 3.6 kΩ, 1206 | R: | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 |
BTN | Pushbutton | ? | 0.10 | 1 | 0.10 |
Sum | 0.11 |
Tutorial
Preface
This Tutorial consists of three parts. The first two parts do not necessarily have to be completed in the given order. Also, two people may work simultaneously, each on one part.
If you don't want so modify the project to look like something else (which of course would be perfectly okay) make sure that you execute every step exactly as described. Compare your result with the provided pictures. If you are unsure what to do contact Marvin prior to soldering. Also, the tutorial often uses designators like R4, C1 or U2. Those can be found on the PCB images at the top of this page, the Bill of Materials and the schematic.
If you encounter any problems with your device, you may also ask Marvin for support, but only if you include a correctly focused photograph of the bottom of your PCB that has an adequate resolution and an exact description of your problem.
Prerequisites
I highly recommend checking out the git repository with the current sources for the firmware and control programs. If you are building this in a workshop, you probably won't need it as your tutor may provide the initial firmware. However, the control programs are the one thing that make this project interesting. See LED Flower#Sources.
Clean the board with aceton before soldering.
Part I: The PCB
Microcontroller
The first step in soldering this board is also the most difficult: Soldering the microcontroller. We are going to use the drag soldering technique. To do so, we first place the microcontroller on the board to get an idea of how it should be placed afterwards. Notice the pin one mark which is a small dip in one corner of the IC. This is used to orient it correctly:
Before proceeding, please read the entire section about soldering the microcontroller and make sure you understood everything. Now remove the microcontroller again, select one pad of the PCB and tin it. For this and the next two steps, you don't have to worry about any solder bridges, we will remove them afterwards.
Now grab the microcontroller with a pair of tweezers, heat up the tinned pad and place the microcontroller correctly. Do not overheat the microcontroller: If you are not able to position the microcontroller within about 10 seconds remove the soldering iron and try again after waiting a short amount of time.
To further secure it, also solder one pin on the opposite corner.
Now select one edge of the microcontroller that has not been used in the previous steps and add some Flux to pins. What comes now is not easy and probably may require multiple attempts: Solder some pins one on side of the edge at once and then just slide the soldering iron slowly and without any pressure to the other side:
If you have done everything right (right speed, correct amount of solder and flux) all pins will be soldered to the board and there will be no bridges between them:
If you have created any bridges, there are two ways to get rid of them:
- Add some flux (only if necessary) and drag the solder away from the microcontroller. You see in some of the pictures that I used this method here as there is solder relatively far away from the microcontroller.
- Use a desoldering gun or wig.
However, repeat this process for the three other edges that are not yet soldered completely:
Decoupling Capacitors
To operate, the microcontroller needs a set of decoupling capacitors. These are two-padded components, so we will essentially replicate the first steps of the microcontroller soldering process:
- Tin one pad,
- add the component and
- solder the other side.
The first one is C9, a 100 nF capacitor in a 1206 package, the biggest of the capacitors included in this kit:
Now continue with C1 using the same process. C1 is also a 100 nF capacitor, but in a 0603 package.
And now C2 and C3, both the same capacitor as C1.
Crystal Oscillator
Next step is the crystal oscillator. To prepare for that, we will first solder the capacitors C4 and C5 which are both 22 pf 0603 capacitors.
The crystal oscillator then goes directly on the other side of the PCB below those two capacitors. Just put it in and solder both pins.
-
Position of the Crystal
-
From the bottom
-
Solder both pins
Then clip off anything that is above the solder joint.
-
Clip off the excess wire
Programming and Analog Input Headers
Now we add two headers, one for programming the microcontroller, one for the analog input of the microcontroller. Again, the headers are on the back side of the PCB.
Now simply solder each pin to the PCB:
First Test
Get a lab power supply and set the maximum voltage to 5 V and the maximum current to zero. Connect the positive terminal (red) and negative terminal (black) as shown in the picture below:
-
The positive terminal goes to the leftmost pin of the shorter connector, the negative terminal to the middle one of the remaining three pins.
Slowly increase the current. The current should not exceed 20 mA.
If you have reached 20 mA, but the voltage is still below the previously set voltage limit, something is wrong. Do not further increase the current limit as this could damage the device. Check if every component is soldered and oriented correctly, check if there are any solder bridges.
If everything is okay, connect the in-system programmer. From left to right it's: MOSI, MISO, SCK, Vcc, GND, /RESET
Programming the Microcontroller
Go into the source folder, adapt the programmer.mk to use your programmer and execute make fuses:
source$ make fuses avrdude -c avrispmkII -P usb -B 100 -p m88 -U lfuse:w:0xff:m -U hfuse:w:0xdf:m -U efuse:w:0xf9:m avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.02s avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e930a avrdude: reading input file "0xff" avrdude: writing lfuse (1 bytes): Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.01s avrdude: 1 bytes of lfuse written avrdude: verifying lfuse memory against 0xff: avrdude: load data lfuse data from input file 0xff: avrdude: input file 0xff contains 1 bytes avrdude: reading on-chip lfuse data: Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s avrdude: verifying ... avrdude: 1 bytes of lfuse verified avrdude: reading input file "0xdf" avrdude: writing hfuse (1 bytes): Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s avrdude: 1 bytes of hfuse written avrdude: verifying hfuse memory against 0xdf: avrdude: load data hfuse data from input file 0xdf: avrdude: input file 0xdf contains 1 bytes avrdude: reading on-chip hfuse data: Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s avrdude: verifying ... avrdude: 1 bytes of hfuse verified avrdude: reading input file "0xf9" avrdude: writing efuse (1 bytes): Writing | | 0% 0.00s ***failed; Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.05s avrdude: 1 bytes of efuse written avrdude: verifying efuse memory against 0xf9: avrdude: load data efuse data from input file 0xf9: avrdude: input file 0xf9 contains 1 bytes avrdude: reading on-chip efuse data: Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s avrdude: verifying ... avrdude: verification error, first mismatch at byte 0x0000 0xf9 != 0x01 avrdude: verification error; content mismatch avrdude: safemode: efuse changed! Was f9, and is now 1 Would you like this fuse to be changed back? [y/n] n avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK avrdude done. Thank you. make: *** [fuses] Error 1
If you are asked if you want to change back the efuse as it has not been written correctly, just say 'n'. In fact the fuse has probably been written correctly, the upper bits are just not writable and always remain 1.
To program the microcontroller and check if the oscillator is working, just execute make:
source$ make Building objects build/base.o build/usb.o build/leds.o build/usbdrv/usbdrv.o build/usbdrv/oddebug.o build/usbdrv/usbdrvasm.o -> build/out.elf -> build/out.hex make build/out.hex make[1]: Entering directory `source' avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/base.c -o build/base.o avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/usb.c -o build/usb.o avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/leds.c -o build/leds.o avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c -o build/usbdrv/usbdrv.o src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c:115: warning: overflow in implicit constant conversion src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c:154: warning: overflow in implicit constant conversion src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c:156: warning: overflow in implicit constant conversion src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c: In function ‘usbHandleResetHook’: src/usbdrv/usbdrv.c:550: warning: unused parameter ‘notResetState’ avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/usbdrv/oddebug.c -o build/usbdrv/oddebug.o avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax -c src/usbdrv/usbdrvasm.S -o build/usbdrv/usbdrvasm.o avr-gcc -std=gnu99 -W -Wall -pedantic -DF_CPU=20000000UL -mmcu=atmega88 -O2 -ffreestanding -Wl,--relax build/base.o build/usb.o build/leds.o build/usbdrv/usbdrv.o build/usbdrv/oddebug.o build/usbdrv/usbdrvasm.o -o build/out.elf avr-size build/out.elf text data bss dec hex filename 1862 2 65 1929 789 build/out.elf avr-objcopy -R .eeprom -O ihex -v build/out.elf build/out.hex copy from `build/out.elf' [elf32-avr] to `build/out.hex' [ihex] make[1]: Leaving directory `source' make flash make[1]: Entering directory `source' avrdude -c avrispmkII -P usb -B 1 -p m88 -U flash:w:build/out.hex:i avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e930a avrdude: NOTE: FLASH memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed To disable this feature, specify the -D option. avrdude: erasing chip avrdude: reading input file "build/out.hex" avrdude: writing flash (1864 bytes): Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.20s avrdude: 1864 bytes of flash written avrdude: verifying flash memory against build/out.hex: avrdude: load data flash data from input file build/out.hex: avrdude: input file build/out.hex contains 1864 bytes avrdude: reading on-chip flash data: Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.10s avrdude: verifying ... avrdude: 1864 bytes of flash verified avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK avrdude done. Thank you. make[1]: Leaving directory `source'
USB Port
Solder R3, R4 (both 68 Ω), R2 (2.7 kΩ), D2, D3 (both 3.6 V Zener Diodes) and the USB connector as shown below.
Testing the USB Port
Let's test the USB port. However, note that this port does not follow the USB specifications and could damage your computer. There are at least two ways to prevent this:
- First connect the device to a hub that is not connected to the Host and see what happens. Then connect your Host to the Hub.
- Even better would be to add a USB isolator as the one used below.
After connecting the Device to your Host, you should get a notification about a new USB device:
trottel kernel: [76212.960126] usb 1-4.3.2: new low speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 59
When you see this line, the tricky part of this Workshop is done.
Finishing the PCB's Core
Just to improve some electromagnetic emissions, add bridges (or 0 Ohm Resistors) B1, B2 and B3.
Base & Reset Resistors
Now we are going to add the /Reset pull-up resistor R1 and base resistors R8 to R19 and R38 to R40 with 3.6 kΩ resistors
Transistors
Now we are adding the transistors T1 to T18 (BC807).
LED Resistors
Next are the resistors that limit the current flow through the LEDs. If you are using the parts supplied at the 27C3 Peace Mission in Göttingen, you can just use the values given here. If you are using other LEDs, please calculate your own Values. First are the 150 Ω resistors R32 to R37 for the red LEDs. Then the 100 Ω resistors R26 to R31 for the green and R20 to R25 for the blue LEDs are following:
-
The red resistors...
-
...and red, green and blue.
Optional: USB Power Supply
One way to supply the device is to use USB power. However, you should note that if you choose this option, you are not able to plug in the external power supply while the device is connected to USB. Also, the device may not conform to the USB specification in terms of power limitations.
To activate the USB power supply, just solder the 10 uH coil to L1 and a 10 uF capacitor to C6:
Optional: Voltage Regulator for external Supply
Instead of using the USB power supply, you can also add an external supply, for example a 9V battery. Do not use USB power supply and the external voltage regulator simultaneously!
To use this supply, add a two pin connector as shown below:
Then add a 1N400x diode to D1, an LM1117 (AMS1117, &c.) to U2 and 10 uF, 10V capacitors to C7 and C8:
Test the voltage regulator by setting your lab power supply to 7.5 V and 0 A. Connect the supply to the two pins you just added and slowly increase the current limit. You should see a current of about 20 to 30 mA when the voltage limit is reached. If this is not the case, you probably did something wrong.
Optional: Button
Add the button BTN and resistor R41 (3.6 kΩ)
Part II: The LEDs
For this part you will need 6 RGB LEDs, about 20 centimeters of heat shrink and enameled copper wire with a diameter of 0.6 to 1.0 mm (more may work too, less may not be stable enough).
Cut 4 pieces of wire off the spool, each about 30 to 40 cm in length.
Use enamel removal tweezers to get 5 mm of clean copper on one end of each wire.
Get one LED and bend the leads outwards to about 20 to 30 degrees. This does not have to be exact as we will bend them back once we are finished.
Mount the LED in one finger of a third hand and pre-tin its leads.
Now, also tin all four wires at the end where you removed the enamel.
You can now solder the copper wires to the LED lead without adding new solder. Try to solder the wires as near to the LED case as possible. Beware: The copper wire may heat up faster than you think.
After soldering all four wires, you can turn the LED around and clip off any extra lead.
To prevent any short circuits, cut the heat shrink into sizes that are long enough to cover the remaining LED lead and put those pieces on the leads.
There are many ways to shrink a heat shrink. The probably most simplistic one is to use a lighter. However, do not put the heat shrink into the flame, about 5 to 10 centimeters above the flame are enough.
Now switch to the other end of the copper wires. Place them in a drill chuck. Make sure that the length of all wires from the chuck opening to the LED is equal.
Firmly grab the other side of the wires and slowly start the drill. You should get something like in the images below.
Release the drill chuck and cut all wires to equal size. Then remove about 5 mm of enamel. Though this is not necessary it may be a good idea to tin the end of the wires.
It's time to test our construction. Get a lab power supply, set the voltage limit to about 3.2 V and the current limit to 10 to 20 mA. Then probe different combinations on the of the wires to find out what lead is connected to ground, positive red, positive green or positive blue:
To adapt the wires to the PCB, they should be bent so they are in the following order: ground, positive red, positive green and positive blue.
Part III: Putting them together
Now we put the result of part I and part II together.
To do so, we first make sure that the legs are still in the correct order: Ground, Red +, Green +, Blue +. Do this as described in part II:
Somehow mark the ground pin, for example by bending it outwards:
Put the LED into the PCB. The Ground pin is the one that is clockwise the last (from the component side of the PCB, the side with the microcontroller) or the first (from the top side of the PCB, the side with the USB and programming connector).
Just solder it. Make sure that the solder joints are good as those will have to withstand any force applied to the LED.
Now just test the LED and repeat these steps for the next five LEDs.
What now?
Well, everything necessary is done! Now:
- Decorate, paint and glue until this really looks like a flower or whatever you want to have.
- Check out control programs from the official git sources to this project (see Sources).
- Feel free to contribute any new ideas and send a photo of your flower to fl@deaggi.net or simply add it yourself to LED Flowers.
Known Issues
This project ist far from perfect:
- We do not yet implement correct LED fading. For correct human perception of the different brightness levels we would have to implement a logarithmic scale. There are some trials to do so using a 16-bit PWM instead of 8 bits in the git history, however, they all brought up different more severe issues.
- Sometimes some PWM actions are deferred due to the time-critical in-software USB operation. This leads to perceivable flickering of the LEDs when they are at a low brightness level. This also complicates the issue above as this makes it a bit harder to implement a correction on the host side.
However, both issues can be ignored, as long as you do not need calibrated colors and on every RGB LED there is one LED that is at brightness level 15 or higher.